{
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "methodology": "/methodology/",
  "states": [
    {
      "slug": "california",
      "code": "CA",
      "name": "California",
      "rateCentsKwh": 31,
      "monthlyKwh": 530,
      "yieldKwhPerKw": 1550,
      "costPerWatt": 3.1,
      "cplTier": 1,
      "netMetering": {
        "name": "Net Billing Tariff (NEM 3.0)",
        "summary": "Since April 2023, new PG&E, SCE and SDG&E customers are credited for exports at avoided-cost rates well below retail, which makes a home battery much more valuable.",
        "exportCreditVsRetail": "low"
      },
      "incentives": [
        "SGIP battery rebates (where funding remains)",
        "Property tax exclusion for solar"
      ],
      "utilities": [
        "PG&E",
        "Southern California Edison",
        "SDG&E",
        "LADWP",
        "SMUD"
      ],
      "asOf": "2026-10-20",
      "verified": false,
      "typicalMonthlyBill": 164,
      "estimate": {
        "systemKw": 3.7,
        "annualKwh": 5714,
        "grossCost": 11400,
        "firstYearSavings": 1240,
        "paybackYears": 9,
        "savings25yr": 30800
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "new-jersey",
      "code": "NJ",
      "name": "New Jersey",
      "rateCentsKwh": 20,
      "monthlyKwh": 680,
      "yieldKwhPerKw": 1250,
      "costPerWatt": 3,
      "cplTier": 1,
      "netMetering": {
        "name": "Net metering",
        "summary": "New Jersey credits exported solar at close to the retail rate under its net metering rules.",
        "exportCreditVsRetail": "full"
      },
      "incentives": [
        "SuSI / ADI solar renewable energy certificates (SREC-II)",
        "Sales tax exemption on solar equipment",
        "Property tax exemption"
      ],
      "utilities": [
        "PSE&G",
        "JCP&L",
        "Atlantic City Electric",
        "Rockland Electric"
      ],
      "asOf": "2026-10-20",
      "verified": false,
      "typicalMonthlyBill": 136,
      "estimate": {
        "systemKw": 5.9,
        "annualKwh": 7344,
        "grossCost": 17600,
        "firstYearSavings": 1470,
        "paybackYears": 11,
        "savings25yr": 32400
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "massachusetts",
      "code": "MA",
      "name": "Massachusetts",
      "rateCentsKwh": 30,
      "monthlyKwh": 590,
      "yieldKwhPerKw": 1200,
      "costPerWatt": 3.3,
      "cplTier": 1,
      "netMetering": {
        "name": "Net metering",
        "summary": "Investor-owned utility customers receive net metering credits for exported solar, and the SMART program pays for production on top of that.",
        "exportCreditVsRetail": "full"
      },
      "incentives": [
        "SMART program production incentive",
        "State income tax credit (15%, up to $1,000)",
        "Sales and property tax exemptions",
        "Mass Save battery programs"
      ],
      "utilities": [
        "Eversource",
        "National Grid",
        "Unitil"
      ],
      "asOf": "2026-10-20",
      "verified": false,
      "typicalMonthlyBill": 177,
      "estimate": {
        "systemKw": 5.3,
        "annualKwh": 6372,
        "grossCost": 17500,
        "firstYearSavings": 1910,
        "paybackYears": 9,
        "savings25yr": 47600
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "new-york",
      "code": "NY",
      "name": "New York",
      "rateCentsKwh": 25,
      "monthlyKwh": 580,
      "yieldKwhPerKw": 1200,
      "costPerWatt": 3.2,
      "cplTier": 1,
      "netMetering": {
        "name": "Net metering / VDER",
        "summary": "Most residential systems still receive net metering credits, with newer systems paying a monthly customer benefit contribution charge.",
        "exportCreditVsRetail": "full"
      },
      "incentives": [
        "NY-Sun incentive",
        "State solar tax credit (25%, up to $5,000)",
        "Sales tax exemption",
        "Property tax exemption (local opt-out possible)"
      ],
      "utilities": [
        "Con Edison",
        "National Grid",
        "PSEG Long Island",
        "NYSEG",
        "Central Hudson"
      ],
      "asOf": "2026-10-20",
      "verified": false,
      "typicalMonthlyBill": 145,
      "estimate": {
        "systemKw": 5.2,
        "annualKwh": 6264,
        "grossCost": 16700,
        "firstYearSavings": 1570,
        "paybackYears": 10,
        "savings25yr": 36700
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "arizona",
      "code": "AZ",
      "name": "Arizona",
      "rateCentsKwh": 15,
      "monthlyKwh": 1050,
      "yieldKwhPerKw": 1650,
      "costPerWatt": 2.6,
      "cplTier": 2,
      "netMetering": {
        "name": "Resource Comparison Proxy (RCP) export rate",
        "summary": "APS and TEP credit exports at an RCP rate that is below retail and steps down over time, so self-consumption and batteries matter.",
        "exportCreditVsRetail": "partial"
      },
      "incentives": [
        "State residential solar tax credit (25%, up to $1,000)",
        "Sales and property tax exemptions"
      ],
      "utilities": [
        "APS",
        "SRP",
        "Tucson Electric Power"
      ],
      "asOf": "2026-10-20",
      "verified": false,
      "typicalMonthlyBill": 158,
      "estimate": {
        "systemKw": 6.9,
        "annualKwh": 11376,
        "grossCost": 17900,
        "firstYearSavings": 1430,
        "paybackYears": 12,
        "savings25yr": 30900
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "texas",
      "code": "TX",
      "name": "Texas",
      "rateCentsKwh": 15,
      "monthlyKwh": 1130,
      "yieldKwhPerKw": 1450,
      "costPerWatt": 2.7,
      "cplTier": 2,
      "netMetering": {
        "name": "No statewide net metering",
        "summary": "Export credits depend on your retail electric provider or municipal utility. Buyback plans range from close to retail to almost nothing, so compare plans before you sign.",
        "exportCreditVsRetail": "varies"
      },
      "incentives": [
        "Property tax exemption for solar",
        "Local utility rebates (Austin Energy, CPS Energy and others)"
      ],
      "utilities": [
        "Oncor area retail providers",
        "CenterPoint area retail providers",
        "Austin Energy",
        "CPS Energy"
      ],
      "asOf": "2026-10-20",
      "verified": false,
      "typicalMonthlyBill": 170,
      "estimate": {
        "systemKw": 8.4,
        "annualKwh": 12240,
        "grossCost": 22800,
        "firstYearSavings": 1470,
        "paybackYears": 14,
        "savings25yr": 27300
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "florida",
      "code": "FL",
      "name": "Florida",
      "rateCentsKwh": 15,
      "monthlyKwh": 1100,
      "yieldKwhPerKw": 1400,
      "costPerWatt": 2.7,
      "cplTier": 2,
      "netMetering": {
        "name": "Net metering",
        "summary": "Investor-owned utilities like FPL and Duke Energy Florida credit exports at the retail rate under state net metering rules.",
        "exportCreditVsRetail": "full"
      },
      "incentives": [
        "Sales tax exemption on solar equipment",
        "Property tax exemption for added home value"
      ],
      "utilities": [
        "FPL",
        "Duke Energy Florida",
        "TECO",
        "JEA"
      ],
      "asOf": "2026-10-20",
      "verified": false,
      "typicalMonthlyBill": 165,
      "estimate": {
        "systemKw": 8.5,
        "annualKwh": 11880,
        "grossCost": 22900,
        "firstYearSavings": 1780,
        "paybackYears": 12,
        "savings25yr": 37800
      }
    },
    {
      "slug": "illinois",
      "code": "IL",
      "name": "Illinois",
      "rateCentsKwh": 17,
      "monthlyKwh": 700,
      "yieldKwhPerKw": 1250,
      "costPerWatt": 3,
      "cplTier": 2,
      "netMetering": {
        "name": "Net metering (supply-only credit since 2025)",
        "summary": "New systems receive credit for the supply portion of the bill, and the Illinois Shines program pays for renewable energy credits up front.",
        "exportCreditVsRetail": "partial"
      },
      "incentives": [
        "Illinois Shines (SREC) payments",
        "ComEd and Ameren distributed generation rebates",
        "Property tax special assessment"
      ],
      "utilities": [
        "ComEd",
        "Ameren Illinois"
      ],
      "asOf": "2026-10-20",
      "verified": false,
      "typicalMonthlyBill": 119,
      "estimate": {
        "systemKw": 6,
        "annualKwh": 7560,
        "grossCost": 18100,
        "firstYearSavings": 1080,
        "paybackYears": 15,
        "savings25yr": 18700
      }
    }
  ]
}